Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, otherwise known as the sac-like membrane which surrounds the heart. Pericarditis most often affects men, ages 20-50, but it can affect anyone. It is also seen in children, where it is usually caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus (these same viruses also can cause the condition in adults.) Pericarditis can be caused by a viral infection, heart disease, an injury, or as is often the case, the exact cause remains unknown.
The presence of other diseases and conditions can increase the risk factors for the appearance of pericarditis. These diseases include: rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, cancer, leukemia, kidney failure, HIV infections, AIDS and hypothyroidism.
The most common symptom of pericarditis is chest hurt – this can be of varying degrees of severity and may be relieved by sitting up and leaning forward. The chest pain may also radiate to the neck, shoulder, back and/or abdomen and may be more likely upon coughing, swallowing or breathing deeply.
In addition to the chest pain, there may be edema (swelling of the legs, feet, ankles), anguish breathing while lying down, awe, fever, a dry cough and/or fatigue and exhaustion.
A doctor will perform a physical examination and listen to the heart and chest with a stethoscope. A crackling sound, or a sound referred to as a pericardial rub may be heard through the stethoscope. There may also be signs and sounds of fluid build-up around the heart and lungs.
In addition to the physical examination, a doctor may use the following tests and screenings to accurately diagnose pericarditis: a chest X-ray, an echocardiogram, MRI scanning, blood tests, testing for elevated white blood cell counts, and other procedures. The physician will likely want to rule out a heart attack or other severe condition.
Upon diagnosis, the inflammation causing the pericarditis may be treated with pain killers and anti-inflammatory drugs. Diuretics may also be used to treat the fluid retention around the heart. If there is an underlying infection, antibiotics may also be prescribed. In the most severe cases, where the pericarditis is chronic or recurring, surgery may be required to remove part of the pericardium that is chronically inflamed or affected. Individuals with chronic pericarditis can develop heart failure and other severe complications.
A person experiencing chest pain should witness medical attention immediately. The symptoms of pericarditis can be life-threatening and should be attended to by a doctor. For most individuals, there is complete recovery in 2-3 months if immediate treatment is sought.
